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Exploring the significance of residual AR after reimplantation

Aortic root replacement with valve-sparing aortic valve reimplantation has excellent outcomes, especially when performed electively in patients with aortic root aneurysm and a tricuspid aortic valve before AR is severe and the leaflets tear from the added stress of a dilated root. This makes successful reimplantation more difficult and requires leaflet repairs more often to save the valve. However, residual AR — noted either intraoperatively or before hospital discharge — may affect valve durability, and little is known about how it affects outcomes.

This single-center series was designed to characterize patients with residual AR after elective aortic valve reimplantation for aortic root aneurysm and compare baseline characteristics and postoperative and long-term outcomes between patients with and without residual AR.

Study cohort and findings

The study population consisted of 756 patients (mean age, 50 years) who underwent elective tricuspid aortic valve reimplantation for aortic root aneurysm at Cleveland Clinic between 2002 and 2020. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography before hospital discharge. While uncommon, residual postoperative AR occurred in 65 of these patients (8.6%). The residual AR was predominantly classified as mild (n = 58), with rare moderate cases (n = 7). No patients had severe residual AR.

Patients were followed for a median of 3.3 years, with 25% followed for more than 7.5 years and 10% for more than 12 years.

The minority of patients who had residual AR at discharge were more likely to have had severe AR preoperatively compared with those without residual AR at discharge (38% vs. 12%; P < .0001). Interestingly, having a connective tissue disorder did not predict residual AR.

Intraoperatively, those with residual AR were significantly more likely to have:

• Thickened cusps (7.7% vs. 2.2%; P = .008)
• Concomitant aortic valve repair (38% vs. 23%; P = .004)
• Return to cardiopulmonary bypass for additional repair (10.8% vs. 3.3%; P = .003)
• Concomitant cusp repair involving more cusp components or a smaller aortic root graft

In-hospital outcomes were similar between the two groups, and no in-hospital deaths occurred. Long-term outcomes, assessed at 10 years, included the following differences between patients with residual AR at discharge compared to those without it:

• Higher prevalence of either moderate or severe AR (48% vs. 7%; P < .0001)
• Lower rate of freedom from reoperation, although still good (89% vs. 98%; P < .0001)

Survival rates between the groups were similar at 10 years (97% among those with residual AR vs. 93% among those without; P = .43).

The risk of early reoperation was increased by the presence of residual AR; risk factors for late reoperation included concomitant coronary bypass, lower preoperative body mass index and lower preoperative ejection fraction.

Tips for avoiding residual AR

Dr. Svensson points out that the rate of residual AR in this Cleveland Clinic series was less than 10%, which is lower than the rate of 25% to 29% reported in another large published series. Residual AR of greater than mild severity was exceedingly rare, occurring in less than 1% of all patients in the series. He notes that a certain measure of expertise is required to repair damaged leaflets in order to preserve a valve with associated tears and severe preoperative AR.

“Cleveland Clinic’s large surgical volume and extensive experience with concomitant valve repair likely are important reasons for these low rates,” Dr. Svensson says. “But other factors should also be noted.”

Specifically, he recommends the following.

1. Refer early for reimplantation. Surgery for enlarged roots should be considered before AR becomes severe, when cusps are more likely to have developed fenestrations, thinning or elongation, making repair more challenging.
2. Evaluate patient factors carefully. Determining whether reimplantation or replacement is the best strategy is critical. Not only are a patient’s age, functional status, aneurysm size and severity of regurgitation important to consider, but a systematic assessment of commissures, leaflets, anulus, sinuses of Valsalva and the sino-tubular junction (“CLASS” schema) should be done.
3. Pay close attention to cusps. Cleveland Clinic surgeons avoid reimplantation if a patient has extensive cusp damage, especially involving two or more prolapsing cusps, and they do not reimplant calcified cusps or attempt decalcification.

“Although residual AR should be avoided if possible, its avoidance should not be the overarching goal when selecting surgical candidates or choosing reimplantation over replacement,” notes Dr. Svensson. “Causing a patient to go from severe to mild regurgitation should also be considered a successful outcome.”

“This is an important study that highlights the value of early and detailed evaluation of significant AR in the setting of a dilated aortic root,” adds cardiologist Milind Desai, MD, MBA, Medical Director of Cleveland Clinic’s Aorta Center, who was not involved in the study. “Such an evaluation would enable early referral to an experienced center for a valve-sparing root replacement, giving the patient the best chance of AR-free survival in the future.”